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Silurian (Doctor Who)

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For other uses, see Silurian (disambiguation).


Silurian
Doctor Who race
The 2010 redesign of the Silurians, as seen during the 50th anniversary celebrations at the Doctor Who Experience in 2013.
First appearanceDoctor Who and the Silurians (1970)
Created byMalcolm Hulke
In-universe information
Home worldEarth
Type
Sub-racesSea Devils
Affiliation
  • The Alliance

The Silurians and Sea Devils are two fictional related ancient species created by Malcolm Hulke for the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The Silurians are a race of scientifically advanced reptilian humanoids from the dawn of man which first appeared in Doctor Who in Hulke's 1970 serial Doctor Who and the Silurians. The two species will foreground the plot of the upcoming Doctor Who spin-off series The War Between the Land and the Sea (est. 2025) by Russell T Davies.[1]

The ancient amphibious Sea Devils, who are cousins to the Silurians, were subsequently introduced in a sequel to Doctor Who and the Silurians titled simply The Sea Devils (1972). Both species then reappeared in the 1984 serial Warriors of the Deep, which was the final appearance of both races prior to the show's cancellation in 1989. Following the show's revival in 2005, heavily redesigned Silurans were reintroduced to the series in 2010, and have recurred frequently since then. The Sea Devils were reintroduced in 2022, with their designs mostly unchanged.

Working under producer Terrance Dicks, Hulke came up with the idea of the Silurians to accommodate the show's need for more imaginative science fiction storylines during a period when its title character, the Doctor, was confined to present-day Earth. This was necessitated by BBC budget cuts and the growing expense of producing expansive futuristic and alien sets after the show began airing in colour.

Within the series, the name "Silurian" is considered an example of a misnomer; the Silurians were named as such for their supposed origins in Earth's "Silurian" period 419 million years ago.[note 1] The creatures have also been referred to by other names, which have been said to be more scientific, including "Eocenes" and "Earth Reptiles".[note 2] The term "Sea Devil", similarly, appears to be a pejorative term for aquatic Earth Reptiles, albeit widely used.[note 3] In 2018, the notion of a pre-human intelligent reptilian or amphibious species was explored by the real-life scientists Adam Frank and Gavin Schmidt, who dubbed the concept the "Silurian hypothesis".[11]

Creation

[edit]
An original Silurian head, as used in Doctor Who and the Silurians.

Drawing on the ideas of the Quatermass serials, producer Peter Bryant and producer and script editor Derrick Sherwin decided that for the series' seventh season, the show's protagonist the Doctor should be restricted to contemporary Earth and work alongside the UNIT organisation, featured prominently in the sixth season's serial The Invasion. Producer Barry Letts and script editor Terrance Dicks, inheriting this new vision for the series, also wanted their stories for the seventh season to have a serious, deeper subtext. They approached Malcolm Hulke, co-writer of the Patrick Troughton serials The Faceless Ones (1967) and The War Games (1969), to write a serial for this new season.[12]

Hulke saw limitations with this earthbound format – he believed there would be two types of stories, one featuring mad scientists and the other alien invasions. Terrance Dicks claims credit for thinking of the idea of creatures that had been there all along;[12] however, other sources[citation needed] give Hulke credit for deliberately thinking his way outside his earlier preconceptions.

The Silurians in the original serial were portrayed by a variety of actors, with the leader Silurian portrayed by Dave Carter, the young Silurian portrayed by Nigel Johns, and the scientist portrayed by Pat Gorman, with their voices done by Peter Halliday.[13]

While planning stories for Doctor Who's ninth season, Dicks and Letts decided to revive the Silurian concept, this time with the twist of these new Silurians originating in the sea. Originally dubbed "Sea Silurians", they were rechristened "Sea Devils" for dramatic effect as Hulke's storyline was edited.[14] The Sea Devils were originally planned to be naked like the Silurians, but director Michael E. Briant was uncomfortable with the idea, leading to the Sea Devils wearing string vests in the final episode.[15] The Sea Devils have a turtle-like head, with their heads sculpted by designer John Friedlander. The episode's chief Sea Devil was portrayed by actor Peter Forbes-Robertson.[16]

Writer Johnny Byrne was told to write serial Warriors of the Deep (1984) as a return for both the Silurians and the Sea Devils.[17] For the species' re-appearance in the serial, the Sea Devils were redesigned, with their string vests replaced by samurai-styled armor.[15] The Myrka creature was created to absolve the Silurians from the guilt of genocide, using the creature as a weapon of last resort.

An sculpt of Madame Vastra’s head, showcasing the modern Silurian design, as displayed at the Doctor Who Experience in 2013.

The return of the Silurians in 2010's "The Hungry Earth" and "Cold Blood" was a request by series showrunner Steven Moffat, who asked writer Chris Chibnall to produce a script involving the species and a drill.[18] Moffat stated the concept of the Silurians was a "movie franchise idea", and was inspired enough by the idea to want them to return to the series.[19] Chibnall wrote the species as if audiences were completely unfamiliar with them, believing that a mainstream audience would likely not remember the species from the last time they had appeared on-screen.[18]

Silurians, with their masks on, on display at an exhibition

When redesigning the Silurians for the revived era of the series, design team Millenium FX assumed the design of the creatures would be an upscale of the original Silurian design from the classic era of the show.[15] Moffat brief Chibnall on how he wanted the Silurians to appear, stating that he envisioned the group in the two-parter as a "different branch" of the originals so that this new interpretation did not undermine the original Silurian stories. Chibnall's script stated that the species had to be "beautiful", with Moffat wanting to drop the Silurians' third eye to avoid confusion with antagonist Davros, who also sported one.[18] As Chibnall's script developed, however, designer Neil Gorton found that the humanity within the creatures would need to be better expressed. This resulted in the final humanoid design, which largely used prosthetics and makeup to convey the reptilian features of the species while letting the human actors emote with their own faces. Aspects of the Sea Devils' string vests and samurai armor were incorporated into the Silurians' clothing.[15]

Other aspects of the Silurians' new designs included heat ray devices, which resembled those used by the Sea Devils, a venomous tongue, which Chibnall added so children could imitate the Silurians at the playground, and grey "warrior masks". The masks were created to cut down on prosthetics costs, as prosthetics were more expensive than other monster designs, which often only required a mask or costume. Chibnall additionally enjoyed the masks due to their ability to enhance the existing Silurian design. The Sea Devils were discussed to be brought back, but Chibnall decided against it, believing it would cause too much confusion within the story, and devalue the concept of "mirroring" between the humans and Silurians.[18]

Actress Neve McIntosh portrays Silurian sisters Restac and Alaya in the two parter. Her performance in the episodes led to her return as Silurian Madame Vastra in subsequent episodes.[15]

The Sea Devils would eventually return in the 2022 episode "Legend of the Sea Devils". Unlike the Silurians, the Sea Devils retained the same design they had in their original appearances.[17] The design team discussed how much the Sea Devils should resemble the original design, with the final design being the result of much discussion. The Sea Devils were made slightly shorter to account for lead actress Jodie Whittaker being shorter than former lead Jon Pertwee, who had originally fought them in their debut serial. The Sea Devils also had different costuming, which resembled pirate costumes, though aspects of their original netted clothing was included throughout the design. An original plaster cast from Warriors of the Deep was used to evaluate measurements of the new design.[20] Episode co-writer Ella Road stated that despite the status of the Sea Devils as returning monsters, she and the rest of the team had "loads of creative freedom" with them.[21] The episode's titular Sea Devil, Marsissus, was portrayed by actor Craige Els, who had previously portrayed Karvanista in the series. Other Sea Devils were portrayed by various other actors.[22]

Appearances

[edit]

Television

[edit]

In their first appearance in Doctor Who and the Silurians (1970), a group of Silurians are awakened from hibernation by the energy from a nearby nuclear power research center in Derbyshire.[23] The Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) initially manages to negotiate an honourable compromise with the colony's leader. Unfortunately, the colony's leader is murdered by a younger Silurian who becomes the new leader, intent on a far more aggressive policy. To that end, the Silurians then attempt to reclaim the planet from humanity by releasing a deadly virus and attempting to disperse the Van Allen radiation belt. Both plans were thwarted by the Doctor. Despite the Doctor's best efforts to broker a peaceful solution, the Silurians are still determined to exterminate humanity, only to have their base destroyed by UNIT on the orders of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney) to preempt this open threat.[24]

The Sea Devils, shown at a 50th Anniversary event

In The Sea Devils (1972), an amphibious variety of Silurians are awakened from their hibernation by a renegade Time Lord known as the Master (Roger Delgado), who persuades them to reclaim the planet from the human race. Despite the Third Doctor's efforts to convince them otherwise, the Sea Devils eventually decide to go to war, forcing the Doctor to destroy their base. It is revealed, however, that there were many colonies still in hibernation around the world.[25] The land-based Silurians and the "Sea Devils" next appeared, together, in "Warriors of the Deep" (1984), where they attempt again to reclaim Earth from the humans. Set in the year 2084 during a prolonged "cold war" between factions of humanity, the serial describes the Sea Devils as being elite warriors; they sport bulletproof samurai-style armour. The Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison) tries in vain to prevent any bloodshed against either species; he tells companions Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding) and Vislor Turlough (Mark Strickson) to give the Silurians oxygen to keep them safe from the hexachromite gas he released into the base's atmosphere. The last surviving Silurian in the episode, however, is killed by Turlough, leaving the Doctor despondent.

Silurians are reintroduced to the series, following its cancellation and revival, in the 2010 two-part story, "The Hungry Earth" and "Cold Blood", in which Silurians are awoken in 2020 by an underground drilling operation. These Silurians lack the third eye of their 1970–1984 counterparts, and wear masks. Having misinterpreted the drilling as a deliberate attack, the Silurians take hostages. After a protracted conflict, the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) leaves behind Tony Mack (Robert Pugh) and Nasreen Chaudhry (Meera Syal) in the Silurian city to act as ambassadors to the human race when they re-awaken in a thousand years, despite the race being active again 64 years later in "Warriors of the Deep".[5][6]

In "The Pandorica Opens" (2010), some Silurians appear in A.D. 102 alongside various alien enemies of the Doctor (including alien Daleks, Cybermen, Sontarans, Judoon and other species) to imprison the Doctor in the mythical "Pandorica" in order, as they see it, to save the universe from him.[26]

Recurring character Madame Vastra (Neve McIntosh) is then introduced in "A Good Man Goes to War" (2011) as a Silurian detective in the Victorian era, who befriended the Doctor after a brief rampage on the London Underground. She lives with her human wife Jenny Flint (Catrin Stewart),[27] and after "A Good Man", also employs the Sontaran Strax (Dan Starkey) as her butler. The "Paternoster Gang", as the three are known, sometimes including the Doctor,[27][28] appear again in "The Snowmen" (2012) and its three short prequels in 2012–2013, "The Crimson Horror", "The Name of the Doctor" (both 2013), and "Deep Breath" (2014). In "The Crimson Horror", Vastra claims to be from 65 million years ago.

Silurians are mentioned in the 2011 Torchwood: Miracle Day episode "The Blood Line" (2011); Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) briefly muses that the Blessing (an ancient phenomenon beneath the Earth's surface) could be out of "Silurian mythology".

A Silurian doctor named Malohkeh (Richard Hope) is seen attending to Winston Churchill (Ian McNeice) in "The Wedding of River Song" (2011) in an aborted timeline. Hope plays another Silurian in "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" (2012), seen briefly on a computer screen. The titular spaceship is a Silurian Ark searching for a new planet with a cargo of dinosaurs, the Silurian colony on board having been ejected from the ship by Solomon (David Bradley) prior to the episode. The ship is shown to have reached a planet named Siluria with its dinosaurs at the episode's conclusion.

In "The Time of the Doctor" (2013), many Silurian Arks are seen among the ships gathered round Trenzalore. Sea Devils made their first modern appearance in the 2022 special "Legend of the Sea Devils", a Thirteenth Doctor (Jodie Whittaker) story. Unlike the Silurians, their appearance and design are mostly unchanged from the original series. They are expected to return in the upcoming spin-off series The War Between the Land and Sea.[29]

The Silurians have additionally appeared in various novels,[30][31][32][33][34] comics,[35][36] and audio dramas since their debut.

Outside Doctor Who

[edit]

Silurians also appear outside Doctor Who-related media. A cave drawing of a Silurian and a Sea Devil appear in a cave on Mars in Scarlet Traces: The Great Game written by Ian Edginton and drawn by Matt "D'Israeli" Booker. Silurians and Sea Devils are referenced in the second volume of Alan Moore's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen where they were connected to the creature from the Black Lagoon; League of Extraordinary Gentlemen is set in a fictional universe which reconciles the exploits of different fictional characters in one continuity.

Reception

[edit]

In a review for the Radio Times, writer Mark Braxton stated that the original appearance of the Silurians, though held back by the cumbersome costumes used for the creatures, was effectively used by Hulke, with Braxton stating that "as a species they mirror our own suspicion, hatred and general insecurity."[37] Slant Magazine highlighted how the Silurians were portrayed as "individuals", unlike other monsters in the series, which allowed them to have more interesting characterization and relationships.[38] Susannah Lydon, writing for The Guardian, considered the Silurians to be an example of how speculative fiction engages with non-scientist audiences, highlighting their existence as part of a concept of "sleek, reptilian humanoids" existing in the Dinosaur era.[39]

At the time of the Silurians' return to the modern series, the species had been largely forgotten by the general public, which The Guardian stated was emphasized by the lack of significant marketing or leaks regarding the species' return to the series.[40] Their new design initially sparked some controversy among fans of the series, who disliked the sheer difference between the new and old Silurian designs. Slant Magazine highlighted the new design as helping to avoid the "man in a rubber suit" trope of the original design while bringing out the performance of the actor portraying the Silurian, though felt the new design could have incorporated more "alien" elements like the Silurians' third eye in order to appear less human.[41] The design of the Silurians in the revived series was emphasized by the book Once Upon a Time Lord: The Myths and Stories of Doctor Who as symbolizing a "revitalization of the established mythology" in a respectful manner, which it felt was further emphasized by Madame Vastra, who acts as one of the series' first on-screen lesbian characters.[15]

The Sea Devils have been considered an iconic monster, with their debut serial being stated by Radio Times as having "gave British kids the shudders during their seaside holidays."[16] The Guardian regarded the Sea Devils as being a "design classic".[42] In a review for Radio Times, reviewer Patrick Mulkern praised the decision to bring back the Sea Devils in "Legend of the Sea Devils", but criticized their use in the episode, believing that they didn't get any proper opportunities to be scary antagonists.[43] Chris Allcock, in a review for Den of Geek, stated that while the use of the old Sea Devil design gave the creatures a sense of weight, the execution of the costumes had "mixed results".[44]

The book Who is Who?: The Philosophy of Doctor Who discussed the Silurians' relationship with the concept of the philosophical Other, which the book identifies as being the largest barrier between human and Silurian co-habitation in the series. It identifies a scene in "Cold Blood" where the Doctor attempts to broker peace between the two species, an occasion where the Doctor is willing to change history, as the character attempting to defy Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's idea that two sides seeking recognition will end with either side attempting to enslave or kill the other.[45] The book New Dimensions of Doctor Who: Adventures in Space, Time and Television also analyzed the Silurians' role in this episode, analyzing how Murray Gold's musical score emphasizes the scenes featuring the Silurians.[46]

In 2018, the notion of a pre-human intelligent reptilian or amphibious species was explored by the real-life scientists Adam Frank and Gavin Schmidt, who dubbed the concept the "Silurian hypothesis", named after the creatures.[11][47]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In episode 3 of Doctor Who and the Silurians, the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) which was given notes containing calculations of the age of the Earth inside the office of Dr Quinn (Fulton Mackay), a human scientist who desires the Silurians' scientific knowledge in the serial. The Doctor says that the calculations have "particular reference to the Silurian era".[2] In the following episode, the Doctor addresses one of the creatures on screen for the first time as a "Silurian".[3] In The Sea Devils, the Third Doctor claims that "Silurian" is a "complete misnomer", mentioning "The chap who discovered them must have got the period wrong."[4] In "The Hungry Earth" (2010), the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) appears to describe "Silurian" as a former name, when he says that Homo reptilia were "once known as the Silurian race",[5] although the name "Silurian" is subsequently used again on screen by various characters in "Cold Blood" (2010),[6] "A Good Man Goes to War" (2011)[7] and "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship" (2012).[8] By the time of Warriors of the Deep, set in 2084, the Silurians have begun to refer to themselves by the term "Silurian".[9]
  2. ^ For example in The Sea Devils, the Third Doctor (Jon Pertwee) claims that "properly speaking", the Silurians should have been called "Eocenes" (after the relevant era of Earth history).[4] The name Homo reptilia was first used to describe the creatures in the novelisation Doctor Who and the Cave-Monsters (1974),[10] before being used in the series proper in the episode "The Hungry Earth" (2010).[5]
  3. ^ In The Sea Devils, an amphibious Silurian is dubbed a "Sea Devil" by the human workman Clark (Declan Mulholland),[4] while in Warriors of the Deep, the land-dwelling Silurians use the term "Sea Devil" to refer to their aquatic counterparts.[9]

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ Hulke, Malcolm (writer); Combe, Timothy (director) (21 February 1970). "Episode 4". Doctor Who and the Silurians. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
  4. ^ a b c Hulke, Malcolm (writer); Briant, Michael (director) (4 March 1972). "Episode Two". The Sea Devils. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
  5. ^ a b c Chibnall, Chris (writer); Way, Ashley (director) (22 May 2010). "The Hungry Earth". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 8. BBC. BBC One.
  6. ^ a b Chibnall, Chris (writer); Way, Ashley (director) (29 May 2010). "Cold Blood". Doctor Who. Series 5. Episode 9. BBC. BBC One.
  7. ^ Moffat, Steven (writer); Hoar, Peter (director) (4 June 2011). "A Good Man Goes to War". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 7. BBC. BBC One.
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  9. ^ a b Byrne, Johnny (writer); Roberts, Pennant (director) (5–13 January 1984). Warriors of the Deep. Doctor Who. BBC. BBC1.
  10. ^ Hulke, Malcolm (2011) [1974]. Doctor Who and the Cave Monsters. Doctor Who novelisations. BBC Books. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-849-90194-9.
  11. ^ a b Schmidt, Gavin A.; Frank, Adam (2019). "The Silurian Hypothesis: Would it be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 18 (2): 142–150. arXiv:1804.03748. Bibcode:2019IJAsB..18..142S. doi:10.1017/S1473550418000095. S2CID 55018003.
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  31. ^ Baxter, Stephen (August 2012). The Wheel of Ice. BBC Books. ISBN 978-1849901833.
  32. ^ Hulke, Malcolm (17 January 1974). Doctor Who and the Cave-Monsters. Doctor Who novelisations. Target Books. ISBN 978-0-426-10292-2.
  33. ^ Mortimore, Jim (October 1993). Blood Heat. Virgin New Adventures. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-426-20399-5.
  34. ^ Russell, Gary (2014) [1996]. The Scales of Injustice: The Monster Collection Edition. Virgin Missing Adventures. BBC Books. pp. 256–286. ISBN 978-1-849-90780-4.
  35. ^ Moore, Steve (w), Lloyd, David (a). "Twilight of the Silurians" Doctor Who Weekly, no. 21–22 (5–12 March 1980). London: Marvel UK.
  36. ^ Gray, Scott (w), Collins, Mike, David A Roach (a). "The Crystal Throne" Doctor Who Magazine, no. 475–476 (August – September 2014). Tunbridge Wells: Panini UK Ltd.
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  38. ^ Cooper, Steven (20 June 2010). "Doctor Who Recap: Season 5, Episode 9, "Cold Blood"". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  39. ^ Lydon, Susannah (12 July 2017). "Doctor Who and the key to deep time". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
  40. ^ Martin, Dan (22 May 2010). "Doctor Who: The Hungry Earth – series 31, episode eight". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  41. ^ Cooper, Steven (13 June 2010). "Doctor Who Recap: Season 5, Episode 8, "The Hungry Earth"". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  42. ^ Martin, Dan (17 April 2013). "The Sea Devils: Doctor Who classic episode #5". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  43. ^ "Doctor Who: Legend of the Sea Devils ★★ | Radio Times". www.radiotimes.com. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  44. ^ Allcock, Chris (17 April 2022). "Doctor Who: Legend of the Sea Devils Review". Den of Geek. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
  45. ^ Decker, Kevin S. (3 September 2013). Who is Who?: The Philosophy of Doctor Who. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-296-6.
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  47. ^ "A New Study Suggests There Could Have Been Intelligent Life on Earth Before Humans". VICE. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
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